The Citadel of Aleppo is a medieval fortified pala...

The Citadel of Aleppo is a medieval fortified palace. The Citadel of Aleppo is one of the oldest and largest castles in the world.The use of the hill on which the castle is located dates back to the third millennium BC, which was later occupied by many civilizations including the Greeks, Byzantines, Mamluks and Ayyubids, while most of the current construction appears to date from the Ayyubid period. The Aga Khan Foundation for Culture and Archaeological Society of Aleppo undertook extensive conservation in 2000. The castle is located in the center of the Old City [1] which was inscribed by UNESCO on the World Heritage List in 1986. [2] The Temple of the Storm God threatened the newly discovered [Matthew] In the citadel of Aleppo, the history of the use of the hill on which the citadel is based today dates back to the middle of the third millennium BC, as indicated in the cuneiform texts in Ebla and Mary. [3] It is said that the prophet Abraham was milking his sheep on Hill Castle. [4] After the decline of the fence-state state centered in Aleppo. The Assyrians also took control of the region from the 8th century BC to the 4th century BC, where the Neo-Babylonian Empire took over it, followed by the Persians (539-333 BC). [5]

Seleucids
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After the armies of Alexander the Great entered Aleppo, it was ruled by Seleucus Nicator I, who revived the city under the name of Peruya; Arab medieval historians argue that the castle as a fortified acropolis began during the reign of Seleucus Nicator I. [4] In some parts of the castle there are remains of a Hellenistic settlement up to two meters high. A baptized street appears up to the citadel hill from the west, where the southern area of Aleppo still retains a Hellenistic street style. [6]

Romans and Byzantines
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After the Romans overthrew the Seleucid dynasty in 64 BC under the leadership of Pompeus the Great, the hill on which the castle was based received religious significance, as Emperor Julian said in his visit to the city in 363 AD

Aleppo Citadel I stayed there for a day, I visited the Acropolis, presented the white bull to Zeus according to imperial customs, and held a short talk with the city council about the worship of the gods Aleppo Citadel
Emperor Julian, Emperor Julian's visit to Aleppo in 363 AD

A few physical monuments from the Roman era were discovered in the castle. [5] Aleppo was in the eastern part of the Roman Empire, where it was annexed to Byzantium when the Roman Empire was divided in 395 AD. During the clashes with Khosra II of the Sassanid state in the 7th century, he stated that the inhabitants of Aleppo took refuge in the castle because the city wall was in a deplorable state. Currently, a few Byzantine remains have been found in the Citadel Hill. It is known that the two mosques currently inside the castle were converted from two churches built by the Byzantines. [4] [5]

Early Islamic times
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Muslims took control of Aleppo in 636, under the Islamic conquest of Khalid ibn al-Walid and Abu 'Ubaydah ibn al-Jarrah, following the Muslim takeover of one of its doors. [7] According to sources and written documents, repairs began in the castle after a strong earthquake. Little is known about the Citadel of Aleppo in the era of Sadr al-Islam, but Aleppo was a border town at the edges of the Umayyad and Abbasid states. [5] Prince Saif al-Dawla al-Hamdani invaded Aleppo in 944, and later rose to a political and economic renaissance. [5] [8] The Hamdanids built a magnificent palace on the banks of the Qwaik River that passes through the city, but was transferred to the castle as a result of the Byzantine attacks in 962 AD. Hamdania's period of sovereignty was followed by a period of instability, characterized by Byzantine and Bedouin attacks and the transformation of Aleppo into a Fatimid base for a short period. The synods were said to have converted two churches into mosques. [5]

Zangids and Ayyubids
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The citadel reached its peak during the Crusader presence in the Near East. The Zangid ruler Emad al-Din Zangi, and his son Noureddine Zangi, who ruled Aleppo (1147-1174), successfully unified Aleppo and Damascus, holding the Crusaders back from their repeated attacks on the cities.


The son of Salah al-Din al-Ayyubi ruled Ghazi Aleppo between 1193 and 1215.

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